直接加氢与间接加氢
Direct hydrogenation and indirect hydrogenation
直接加氢法
Direct hydrogenation method
顺酐直接加氢工艺是20世纪60年代更早由三菱油化以及三菱化成公司联合开发成功的。该工艺能够同时生产不同比例的THF (四氢呋喃)、GBL (y-丁内酯)和BDO等系列产品，反应条件不同，其产品的相应组成也是不同的。
The direct hydrogenation process of maleic anhydride was first successfully developed by Mitsubishi Oil Chemical and Mitsubishi Chemical Company in the 1960s. This process can simultaneously produce a series of products such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), GBL (y-butyrolactone), and BDO in different proportions. The corresponding composition of the products varies depending on the reaction conditions.
酯化加氢法
Esterification hydrogenation method
间接酯化加氢工艺更早是由英国Davy公司开发成功的，因此又叫Davy法。加氢反应可以在气相或者是液相中进行，采用了铜系催化剂，主体反应的条件要比顺酐直接加氢工艺温和很多。
The indirect esterification hydrogenation process was first developed by Davy Company in the UK, hence it is also known as the Davy process. The hydrogenation reaction can be carried out in either the gas phase or the liquid phase, using copper based catalysts. The main reaction conditions are much milder than the direct hydrogenation process of maleic anhydride.
由于顺酐加氢是强放热反应，直接加氢反应条件苛刻，控制难度高，目前还没有工业化运行装置，在运装置均采用的是间接法。
Due to the strong exothermic reaction of maleic anhydride hydrogenation, the direct hydrogenation reaction conditions are harsh and difficult to control. Currently, there is no industrial operation device, and the indirect method is used in the operating devices.
气相加氢与液相加氢
Gas phase hydrogenation and liquid phase hydrogenation
两者化学反应方程式是一致的，区别在于加氢单元马来酸二甲酯是在气相还是在液相条件下反应。
The chemical reaction equations between the two are consistent, with the difference being whether the hydrogenation unit dimethyl maleate reacts in the gas or liquid phase conditions.
以英国Davy为代表的气相加氢顺酐法，是在进行加氢反应时，将所有的物料先气化为气相，再与氢气（同样为气相）反应，更终制得BDO，并副产少量THF（根据需要也可以副产少量GBL）。
The gas-phase hydrogenation method of maleic anhydride, represented by Davy in the UK, involves gasification of all materials into the gas phase during the hydrogenation reaction, followed by reaction with hydrogen gas (also in the gas phase) to obtain BDO, which produces a small amount of THF as a by-product (a small amount of GBL can also be produced as needed).
以意大利Conser为代表的液相加氢顺酐法，则不需要进化步骤，而是直接将液相的物料与氢气（气相）反应制BDO，因此该方法又可称为混合相加氢顺酐法。
The liquid phase hydrogenation maleic anhydride method, represented by Conser in Italy, does not require gasification steps, but directly reacts the liquid phase material with hydrogen (gas phase) to produce BDO. Therefore, this method can also be called the mixed phase hydrogenation maleic anhydride method.
目前多数技术公司的工艺是气相加氢工艺。
Currently, most technology companies use gas phase hydrogenation processes.
消耗与排放
Consumption and emissions
正丁烷顺酐法制BDO工艺路线，生产吨BDO的主要消耗大致为正丁烷1.15t、氢气1200 m3。该法的主要原料为正丁烷和氢气，正丁烷的按5000元/t计算，生产BDO的原料成本约1. 05万元/t；如果外购顺酐生产BDO，目前顺酐的市场价约为1. 2万元/t，吨BDO消耗顺酐1.12t左右，BDO的生产成本较高。
The main consumption for producing ton of BDO through the process of n-butane maleic anhydride method is approximately 1.15 tons of n-butane and 1200 m3 of hydrogen gas. The main raw materials for this method are n-butane and hydrogen gas. The price of n-butane is calculated at 5000 yuan/t, and the raw material cost for producing BDO is about 1 050000 yuan/t; If purchasing maleic anhydride to produce BDO, the current market price of maleic anhydride is about 1 20000 yuan/t, with a consumption of about 1.12 tons of maleic anhydride per ton of BDO, the production cost of BDO is relatively high.
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